Pigmentation refers to the colouring in the skin caused by the distribution of melanin, the pigment that gives skin its colour. But sometimes, when that distribution is in excess or irregular, it can appear as dark spots, patches, or a general unevenness in tone.

The most common types include sun damage and age spots from cumulative sun exposure, post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation from breakouts or skin trauma, and melasma triggered by hormonal changes. Each has a different underlying mechanism, which is why treatment approaches vary.

Regardless of type, consistent sunscreen use is essential both to prevent pigmentation from worsening and to protect results after treatment.